Asian Journal of Research in Botany

Gas Exchange, Photosynthetic Pigment and Secondary Metabolites Concentration of Soy bean (Glycine max L.) Plants Grown in Western Kenya under Rhizobial Inoculation and Aluminium Application

Mmayi M. P. *

Department of Botany, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya.

Netondo G. W.

Department of Botany, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya.

Musyimi D. M.

Department of Botany, School of Biological and Physical Sciences, Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya.

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

---

Abstract

Soy bean production continues to be very low, there is potential for increased production of the crop. Acidic soils negatively affect plant nutrition and productivity. Rhizobia inoculation has previously been shown to improve legume production. There is need to understand how inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum increase N content for leaf activity and enable pod filling that increase yield under Al application. The objective of the study was to investigate gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment concentration and secondary metabolites response of GAZZELLE, NAMSOI and TGX soy bean genotypes grown in western Kenya to aluminium application and Rhizobium inoculation. The experiment was carried out at Maseno University under greenhouse conditions. Three replicates, three genotypes and eight treatments {water (control), 480µM Al, 750µM Al, 960µM Al, Control & inoculation, 480µM Al & inoculation, 750µM Al & inoculation and 960µM Al & inoculation} were used in RCBD. Gas exchange parameters were collected. Absorbance were read at 480, 645 and 645nm to determine chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Plant secondary metabolites were also determined. Tukey`s HSD tests at 5% was used to separate treatment means. Significant differences were observed when GAZZELLE was compared to NAMSOI and TGX at T1, T3, T5, T6 and T7. Therefore USDA-Rhizobia may have high potential to colonize roots of GAZZELE. Significant differences found for C_i, A and g_i showed GAZZELLE and TGX to be photosynthesizing best under USDA-inoculation. Therefore they have potential production in acidic soils. Anthocyanin and phenolic compounds were found highly concentrated in GAZZELLE and NAMSOI, they then may have highly formed Al-complexes that limited Al stress. Inoculation ameliorated significantly the effects of Al to Chl a, Chl b and carotenoids. A reduction of Chl a was lowly in GAZZELLE indicating that it was less affected when Al was treated. These findings show that Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation alleviates Al effects and improve soy bean yield.

Keywords: Acidic soils, USDA-Rhizobia, photosynthesis, secondary metabolites, photosynthetic pigments

---

---

---

References

Edna AM, David JO, Rose N., Martins O. Determinants of market participation by smallholder soy bean farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya. 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists. September 23 - 26 Abuja, Nigeria; 2019.

Keino L. Nutrients limiting soy bean (Glycine max L.) production in acrisols and ferralsols of Kakamega and Busia counties, Msc. thesis, University of Eldoret, Kenya; 2015. Viewed 10 January 2021, Available:<https://n2africa.org/sites/default/files/MSc%20thesis%20Ludy%20Keino.pdf>

Ambe MN. Structure, conduct and performance of soy bean marketing in embu, tharaka nithi and meru counties, Kenya. Msc. Thesis, Kenyatta University; 2019. Viewed 14 December 2020, Available:https://irlibrary.ku.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/20016/Structure%2C%20Conduct%20and%20performance%20of%20Soybean%20Marketing%20in%20Embu....pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Dechassa D, Khairy S, Ernst C. Protein and polyphenol profile changes in soy bean roots under aluminum stress. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 2010;2(3):38 – 45.

Ntambo MS, Isaac SC, Aid TS, Toheed A, Rahat S, Consolatha C, Larry K. The effect of Rhizobium inoculation with nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of soy beans (Glycine max L.). International Journal of Biosciences. 2017;10(3):163 – 172.

Arunakumara K, Buddhi CW, Min-Ho Y. How do citrus crops cope with aluminium toxicity. Korea Journal of Soil Science Fertility. 2012;45(6):928 – 935.

Igual JM, Rodriguez-Barmeco C, Cervantes E. The effects of aluminium on nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.’. Plant and Soil. 1997;190:41 – 46.

Shi J, Du X. Transcriptome analysis reveals the regulation of cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels in response to exogenous abscisic acid and calcium treatment under drought stress in tomato. Front. Genet. 2023;14:1139087.

DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1139087

Amanda MB, Rilner AF, Enderson PF, Aline FA, Frederico RSL, Marco AP, José AJ, Marcio M. Productivity and gas exchanges of the common bean subjected to inoculation and nitrogen fertilization. Research, Society and Development. 2021;10: 1-17.

Marjorie RD, María PC, Zed RMA, Rebeca POG, Adriano NN, Claudio IB. Aluminium stress differentially affects physiological performance and metabolic compounds in cultivars of highbush blueberry. Scientific Reports Nature Research. 2019;9(9):1 – 13.

Jiang HX, Chen LS, Zheng JG, Han S, Tang N, Smith BR. Aluminium-induced effects on photosystem II photochemistry in citrus leaves assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient. Tree Physiology. 2008;28:1863 – 1871.

Giovani R, Floyd MW, Courtney PL. Quantification of total phenolic, anthocyanin, and flavonoid content in a diverse panel of blueberry cultivars and ecotypes. Horticultural Science. 2022;57(8):901–909.

Diaz MC, Bruggemann W. Limitations of photosynthesis in Phaseolus vulgaris under drought stress: Gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and Calvin cycle enzymes. Photosynthetica. 2010;48:96 – 102.

Rahmiwati H, Herliani, H. Almurdani M. Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract sawo stem bark (Manilkara Zapota (L.)), Conference Proceedings Cel Sci Tech-UMRI Vol 3-Sep 2018, ISSN: 2541-3023.

Meng G, Rasmussen SK, Chritensen CSL, Fan WJ, Torp AM. Molecular breeding of barley for quality traits and resilience to climate change. Front. Genet. 2023; 13:103996. DOI:10.3389/fgene.2022.1039996

Onyango B, Anyango B, Nyunja R, Koech PK, Robert AS, Stomeo I. Bambara groundnut, got nodule bacteria, 16 rRNA genes, symbiotic efficiency. Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology. 2015;3 (1): 1 – 10.

Villagarcia MR, Thomas E, Carter JR, Rufty TW, Niewoehner AS, Jennette MW, Arrellano C. Genotypic rankings for aluminium tolerance of soy bean roots grown in hydroponics and sand culture. Crop Science. 2001;41:1499 – 1507.

Nafiseh DM, Vahid P, Arezou R. Biochemical responses of two soy bean (Glycine max) varieties to aluminium stress in nutrient solution. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 2016;6(4): 237 – 247.

Davarpanah NM, Vahid P, Arezou R. Biochemical responses of two soy bean (Glycine max) varieties to aluminum stress in nutrient solution, Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 2016;6(4): 237–247.

Siddiqui N, Abdur R, Abdul L, Zeenat M. Spectrophotometric determination of the total phenolic content, spectral and fluorescence study of the herbal Unani drug Gul-e-Zoofa (Nepeta bracteata Benth). Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 2017;12(4): 360-363.

Madaan R, Bansal G, Kumar S, Sharma A. Estimation of total phenols and flavonoids in extracts of Actaea spicata roots and antioxidant activity studies. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 73(6):666-669.

Dawood A, Tahjib‑Ul‑Arif M, Abdullah AMS, Arafat AHAL. Fluoride mitigates aluminium-toxicity in barley: Morpho-physiological responses and biochemical mechanisms. BMC Plant Biology. 2022; (287):1-17.

Chen LS, Qi YP, Smith BR, Liu XH. Aluminium-induced decrease in CO2 assimilation in citrus seedlings is unaccompanied by decreased activities of key enzymes involved in CO2 assimilation. Tree Physiology. 2005b;25(3): 317-324.

Li-Song C, Yi-Ping Q, Huan-Xin J, Lin-Tong Y, Gang-Hua Y. Photosynthesis and photo-protective systems of plants in response to aluminium toxicity. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;9(54): 9237-9247

Adams MA, Turnbull TL, Sprent JI, Buchmann N. Legumes are different: Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USDA. 2016;113:4098-4103.

Razafintsalama H, Trap J, Rabary B, Razakatiana ATE. Ramanankierana H.; Rabeharisoa, L.; Becquer, T. Effect of rhizobium inoculation on growth of common bean in low-fertility tropical soil amended with phosphorus and lime. Sustainability. 2022;14(4907): 1-14. Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/su14094907

Miguel A, Quinteiro R, Alex-Alan FA, Marcelo SMF´, Abio, P., G., Marcel VP, Virupax CB. Aluminum effects on growth, photosynthesis, and mineral nutrition of cacao genotypes. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 2013;36:1161–1179.

Ayalew T, Tarekegn Y, Petra H., Georg C. Leaf growth, gas exchange and assimilation performance of cowpea varieties in response to Bradyrhizobium inoculation. Heliyon. 2022;8: 1- 8.

Cunha-neto AR, Ambrósio AS, Wolowski M, Westin TB, Govêa KP, Carvalho M, Barbosa S. Negative effects on photosynthesis and chloroplast pigments exposed to lead and aluminium: A meta-analysis. Cerne. 2020;26(2):232-237.

Quian L, Huang P, Hu Q, Quian Y, Xu S, Wang R. Morpho-physiological responses of an aluminum-stressed rice variety ‘liangyoupei 9’. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2018;50(3):893-899.

Abd-Elkader DY, Mohamed AA, Feleafel MN, Al-Huqail AA, Salem MZM, Ali HM, Hassan HS. Photosynthetic pigments and biochemical response of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) to plant-derived extracts, microbial, and potassium silicate as biostimulants under greenhouse conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2022;13(879545):1-14.

Zhou X, Liang Y, Chen H, Shen SH, Jing YX. Effects of rhizobia inoculation and nitrogen fertilization on photosynthetic physiology of soybean. Photosynthetica. 2006;44(4): 530-535.

Ntombikhona AK, Afeez AA, Olubukola OB, Abidemi PK. Microorganisms in Plant Growth and Development: Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Secondary Metabolites Secretion. Microorganisms. 2022;10(1528):1-20.

Zishu x, Najeeb U, Yi D, Zhuoni H, Ake L, Lin X. Plant secondary metabolites and their effects on environmental adaptation based on functional genomics. Front. Genet. 2023;14: 1-23

Taylor LP, Grotewold E. Flavonoids as developmental regulators. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 2005;8(3):317-323.

Tolrá RP, Poschenrielder C, Luppi B, Barceló J. Aluminum-induced changes in the profiles of both organic acids and phenolic substances underlie Al tolerance in Rumex acetosa L. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2005;54(4): 231-238.

Ramakrishna A, Ravishankar GA. Role of plant metabolites in abiotic stress tolerance under changing climatic conditions with special reference to secondary compounds. Climate change and plant abiotic stress tolerance. 2013;13:705-726.

Arumugam RN, Rajasekaran S, Nagarajan SM. Response of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium inoculation on growth and chlorophyll content of Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp Var. Pusa 151. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2010;14(4): 113–115.

Joachim HJRM, Patrick AN. Biological, ecological and agronomic significance of plant phenolic compounds in rhizosphere of the symbiotic legumes. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6(12): 1358-1368.

Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dickey DA. Principles and procedures of statistics: a biometrical approach’, Academic Internet Publishers, Moorpark. 2006. Viewed 14 January 2021, Available:<https://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/newlibrary/pdf/file198db705808c443e832fa75a6dd7f325.pdf>