Diagnosis of Fungi Contaminating Local and Imported Fruits in Kirkuk Using PCR
Zainab Mohsen Hamad *
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
Hadi Alwan Mohammed Al-saedi
Department of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, College of Medicinal and Industrial Plants, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
This study aimed to identify fungal contaminants affecting various local and imported fruits (figs, oranges, pomegranates, and strawberries) available in the markets of Kirkuk city between November 2024 and March 2025, using both traditional and molecular diagnostic methods. A total of 100 samples exhibiting signs of spoilage were collected and cultured on selective media. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques were applied to confirm fungal species. Results revealed five predominant fungal species: Aspergillus fumigatus (40%), Aspergillus niger (27%), Mucor spp. (11.4%), Candida krusei (18%), and Candida tropicalis (2%). Strawberries and figs exhibited the highest contamination rates, likely due to their delicate structure and high moisture content, whereas oranges and pomegranates showed lower infection rates due to their thick peels. Molecular diagnostics proved effective in confirming fungal identities with high accuracy. The findings underscore the potential public health risk posed by fungal contamination in fresh fruits and highlight the need for strict hygiene measures during harvesting, storage, and distribution processes.
Keywords: Pathogenic fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida krusei, PCR, food safety