Phytochemical Constituents and Anti-Salmonella Activity of the Combined Leaves Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants in Mubi, Nigeria
Asian Journal of Research in Botany,
Page 1-8
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining the quantitative phytochemical constituents and anti-salmonella effect of the combined leaves ethanolic and aqueous extracts of selected plants in Mubi. The leaves of Citrus sinensis, Senna siamea, Moringa oleifera and Carica papaya were collected and shade dried; and consequently grounded and mixed in equal ratio. The combined powdered plants leaves was extracted using ethanol and water. The Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi used were obtained from the laboratory section of General Hospital, Mubi. The results of phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanolic extract had the significantly highest content of compounds like: tannins (4.96 mg/100g), alkaloids (8.45 mg/100g), flavonoids (3.00 mg/100g), saponins (9.12 mg/100g) and phenols (26.10 mg/100g), while the aqueous extract had lowest of all the compounds. The anti-salmonella activity test showed that the highest concentrations (200 mg/ml) of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts recorded the highest zone of inhibition of 0.73 and 0.70 cm and 0.60 and 0.80 cm on the S. typhi and S. paratyphi, respectively; while the lowest was recorded by the lowest concentrations of the extracts. However, the control used (ceftriaxone) was more effective against the two test organisms than the highest concentrations of the two extracts. The study concluded that the ethanolic extract of the combined leaves of S. siamea, C. papaya, C. sinensis and M. oleifera has higher phytocompounds than the aqueous extract; the anti-salmonella activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts on S. typhi have no significant difference, while on S. paratyphi, aqueous extract is more effective than ethanolic extract.
Keywords:
- Anti-bacterial
- efficacy
- phytochemical
- quantitative analysis
How to Cite
Yusuf, C. S., Tizhe, T. D., Ibrahim, H. M., & Dagze, J. K. (2022). Phytochemical Constituents and Anti-Salmonella Activity of the Combined Leaves Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants in Mubi, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Research in Botany, 7(4), 1-8. Retrieved from https://journalajrib.com/index.php/AJRIB/article/view/30196
References
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Amabye TG, Tadesse FM. Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera available in the market of Mekelle. Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;2(1):23-26.
Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Cutani AH. Moringa Oleifera: A Food plant with multiple medicine uses. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21:17-25.
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Nagappan R. Evaluation of aqueous and ethanol extract of bioactive medicinal plant, Senna didymobotrya (Fresenius) Irwin and Barneby against immature stages of Filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012;2(9):707-711.
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Obadoni BO, Ochuko PO. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some Homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science. 2001;8:203-208.
Ajantha A, Kathirvelan C, Purushothaman MR, Visha P. Studies on qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(6):4195-4201.
Nweze NO, Nwafor FI. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral compositions of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. from Nsukka, South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2014; 9(1):99-103.
Omidiwura BRO. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf extract and its antimicrobial effect in animal production. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 2017; 44(3):78-83.
Abduallhi Z, Danja BA, Abdulaziz HG, Jibrin S, Abubakar A, Abdu Z, Hammashi LH, Umar M, Ahmad AT, Said SS. Phytochemicals properties and antibacterial activity of combined leaves extract of Senna siamea, Coffee senna and Citrus lemon. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 2019;10(3):1049-1057.
Enerijiofi KE, Akapo FH, Erhabor JO. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on selected clinical bacterial isolates. Bulletin of the national research centre. 2021;45:179.
Mohammed N, Sanyinna YM, Ahmad RN. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 2021;8 (6):01-08.
Nirosha N, Mangalanayaki R. Antibacterial activity of leaves and stem extract of Carica papaya L. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry. 2013; 2(3):473-476.
Doughari JH, Okafor NB. Antibacterial activity of Senna siamea leaf extracts on Salmonella typhi. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2008;2(1):042-046.
Obuekwe IS, Okoyomo EP, Anka US. Effect of plant extract combinations on some bacterial pathogens. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2020;24(4):627-632.
Parekh J, Jadeja D, Chamada S. Efficiency of aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2005;29:203-210.
Voravuthikunchai S, Lortheeanuwat A, Jeeju W, Sririrakphongpaichit S, Supawita T. Effective medicinal plant against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Journal of Ethanopharmacology. 2004;94: 49-54.
Obroh AA, Oshim IO, Odeyemi O, Urama EU, Olise NA. Demonstration of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of both Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium extracts mixture against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. 2021; 23(1):46-52.
Shafaghat A. Antibacterial activity and composition of essential oils from flower, leaf and stem of Chaerophyllum macropodum Boiss. from Iran. Natural Product Communication. 2009;4(6):749-888.
Okoye TC, Uzor PF, Okereke EK. Safe African medicinal plants for clinical studies. In: Victor, K. (Ed.) Toxicological survey of African medicinal plants. 2014; 535-555.
Jugreet BS, Mahomoodally M. Pharmacological properties of essential oil constituents and their mechanisms of action. In: Swamy, M. (Ed.) plant –derived bioactives, Springer, Singapore; 2020.
Fujikawa T, Iwanami T. Sensitive and robust detection of citrus greening
(huanglongbing) bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus by DNA amplification with new 16S rDNA specific primers, Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2012; 26:194-197.
Martinez-Cuenca MR, Primo-Capela A, Forner-Giner MA. Influence of rootstock on Citrus tree growth effects on photosynthesis and carbohydrate distribution, plant size, yield fruit quality and dwarfing genotype. In-Tech; 2016.
Aravind G, Bhowmik D, Duraivel S, Harish G. Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2013;1(1):7-15.
Anuar NS, Zahari SS, Taib IA, Rahman MT. Effect of green and ripe Carica papaya epicarp extracts on wound healing and during pregnancy. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(7):2384-2389.
Okwu DE. Phytochemicals and vitamin content of indigenous spices of South Eastern Nigeria. Journal for Sustainable Agriculture Environment. 2004;6(1):30-37.
Abdulkadir AG, Ibrahim H, Kendeson AC, Abdullahi Y. Comparative Analysis of PhysicoChemical Parameters of Borehole, Pond and Well Water in Kashere Metropolis. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science. 2017; 2(6):42-27.
Abdul Z, Dimas K, Sunday AO, Isyaka MS, Said JA. Quantitative Investigation of phytochemicals and brine shrimp lethality test of the root, stem bark and leave extract of Isoberlia doka. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2015;3(3): 36-38.
Nas FS, Oyeyi TI, Ali M. Antibacterial efficacy and phytochemical screening of Senna siamea leaves extracts on some pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Microbiology and Experimentation. 2018; 6(3):159-163.
Amabye TG, Tadesse FM. Phytochemical and antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera available in the market of Mekelle. Journal of Analytical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2016;2(1):23-26.
Anwar F, Latif S, Ashraf M, Cutani AH. Moringa Oleifera: A Food plant with multiple medicine uses. Phytotherapy Research. 2007;21:17-25.
Giannella RA. Salmonella. 4th edition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston; 1996.
Buckle GC, Walker CL, Black RE. Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever: Systematic review to estimate global morbidity and mortality for 2010. Journal of Global Health. 2012;2(1):10398-10401.
Threlfall EJ. Antimicrobial drug resistance in Salmonella: problems and perspective in food and water-borne infectious. FEMS Microbiology Revolution. 2002;26(2):141-148.
Nair DVT, Venkitanarayanan K, Johny AK. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in the food supply and the potential role of antibiotic alternatives for control. Foods. 2018;7:167.
Nagappan R. Evaluation of aqueous and ethanol extract of bioactive medicinal plant, Senna didymobotrya (Fresenius) Irwin and Barneby against immature stages of Filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus Say (diptera: Culicidae). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012;2(9):707-711.
Padamanabhan V, Manimekalai G, Vasthi KE, Nirmala A, Jagajothi A. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of extracts of the leaf and bark of Albizzia lebbeck (Benth). Academia Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2014;2(2):026-031.
Pearson D. Chemical analysis of food. Churchill Livington, Edinburgh, UK. 1976; 103-110.
Boham BA, Kocipai-Abyazan R. Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hwaiian vaccinium vaticulatum and V. calycinium. Pacific Science. 1994;48:458-463.
Obadoni BO, Ochuko PO. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some Homostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science. 2001;8:203-208.
Ajantha A, Kathirvelan C, Purushothaman MR, Visha P. Studies on qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituents of Moringa oleifera leaf meal. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2020;9(6):4195-4201.
Nweze NO, Nwafor FI. Phytochemical, proximate and mineral compositions of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. from Nsukka, South Eastern Nigeria. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2014; 9(1):99-103.
Omidiwura BRO. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf extract and its antimicrobial effect in animal production. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production. 2017; 44(3):78-83.
Abduallhi Z, Danja BA, Abdulaziz HG, Jibrin S, Abubakar A, Abdu Z, Hammashi LH, Umar M, Ahmad AT, Said SS. Phytochemicals properties and antibacterial activity of combined leaves extract of Senna siamea, Coffee senna and Citrus lemon. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research. 2019;10(3):1049-1057.
Enerijiofi KE, Akapo FH, Erhabor JO. GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activities of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on selected clinical bacterial isolates. Bulletin of the national research centre. 2021;45:179.
Mohammed N, Sanyinna YM, Ahmad RN. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Citrus sinensis leaves extracts. International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences. 2021;8 (6):01-08.
Nirosha N, Mangalanayaki R. Antibacterial activity of leaves and stem extract of Carica papaya L. International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy, Biology and Chemistry. 2013; 2(3):473-476.
Doughari JH, Okafor NB. Antibacterial activity of Senna siamea leaf extracts on Salmonella typhi. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2008;2(1):042-046.
Obuekwe IS, Okoyomo EP, Anka US. Effect of plant extract combinations on some bacterial pathogens. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management. 2020;24(4):627-632.
Parekh J, Jadeja D, Chamada S. Efficiency of aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2005;29:203-210.
Voravuthikunchai S, Lortheeanuwat A, Jeeju W, Sririrakphongpaichit S, Supawita T. Effective medicinal plant against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Journal of Ethanopharmacology. 2004;94: 49-54.
Obroh AA, Oshim IO, Odeyemi O, Urama EU, Olise NA. Demonstration of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of both Moringa oleifera and Gongronema latifolium extracts mixture against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. 2021; 23(1):46-52.
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